Utilizing Beta-Glucan in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Safety and Cell Viability Testing
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aimed to use beta-glucan extracted from barley to prepare eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using green synthesis methods. The barley variety "Abah 99" was used, with an extraction yield of 78% and a concentration of 4.71%. Field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used, revealing an irregular spherical shape with sizes ranging from 13.829 to 56.233 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the presence of Ag atoms at specific ratios in the sample. Zeta potential analysis confirmed the presence of negative charges on the green-synthesized particles (-18.7 mV). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed prominent peaks at 38.19, 44.37, 64.56, and 77.47, corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. Furthermore, an MTT assay was conducted on HEK-293 cells (a type of human embryonic kidney cell) exposed to green-synthesized beta-glucan-integrated silver nanoparticles. Cell viability decreased in a dose-dependent manner following AgNP treatment. However, treatment with Ag-beta glucan green synthesis resulted in very high cell viability (approximately 100%) compared to the chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 µg/mL. The study demonstrated that cell viability decreased with higher concentrations, with the chemically synthesized AgNPs showing a notable reduction in cell viability, especially at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL. In contrast, the green synthesis (AgNPs-beta glucan) showed decreased cell viability only at 50 and 100 µg/mL, while the extract group maintained better cell survival at a concentration of 100 µg/mL.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by the College of Science, University of Baghdad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. A. K. Al-Jubouri, N. H. Al-Saadi, and M. A. Kadhim, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Bacterial Activity of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized from Myrtus Communis Leaves Extract, Iraqi J. Agr. Sci. 53(3), 698 (2022). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i3.1580.
2. H. M. Hussain, M. B. Mahmood, and L.A. Yaaqoob, The Biological Effect of Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Organic Pollutions in Drinking Water, Iraqi J. Sci. 65(8), 4246 (2024). https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.8.10.
3. H. H. Zahraa, and H. A. Rasheed, Cytotoxic Effect of Asparaginase Produced from E. coli and Conjugated with ZnO Nanoparticles on Cancer Cell Lines, Iraqi J. Agr. Sci. 54(6), 1664 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1866.
4. N. K. Mahmood, and M.O. Ahmed, Evaluation of Genotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberrations in Laboratory Male Albino Mice Mus musculus, Iraqi J. Sci. 65(6), 3015 (2024). https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.6.5.
5. P. Raveendran, J. Fu, and S.L. Wallen, Completely “Green” Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(46), 13940 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja029267j.
6. F. A. Abadi, and J. M. Naser, Improving the Sensory and Qualitative Properties of Barley Bread Using Broken Wheat Wet Gluten, in IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 388, 01056 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/388/1/012056.
7. D. Akramiene, A. Kondrotas, J. Didziapetriene, and E. Kevelaitis, Effects of β-Glucans on the Immune System, Medicina (Kaunas). 43, 597 (2007).
8. R.A. Othman, M.H. Moghadasian, and P.J. Jones, Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Oat Β-Glucan, Nutr. Rev. 69(6), 299 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00401.x.
9. D. R. Ibraheem, N. N. Hussein, G. M. Sulaiman, Antibacterial Activity of Silver nanoparticles Against Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates from Diabetic Foot Patients, Iraqi J. Sci. 64(5), 2223 (2023). https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2023.64.5.11.
10. J.Feng, Q. Chen, X. Wu, S. M. Jafari, D. J. McClements, Formulation of Oil-In-Water Emulsions for Pesticide Applications: Impact of Surfactant Type and Concentration on Physical Stability, Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(22), 21742 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2183-z.
11. S. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Xu, L. Zhang, Triple Helical Polysaccharide-Induced Good Dispersion of Silver Nanoparticles in Water, Biomacromolecules 12(8), 2864 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/bm2001439.
12. I. K. Sen, A. K. Mandal, S. Chakraborti, B. Dey, R. Chakraborty, and S.S. Islam, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 28, 49362 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15680-x.
13. N. Vigneshwaran, N. Ashtaputre, P. Varadarajan, R. Nachane, K. Paralikar, R. Balasubraman, and V. Nadanathangam, Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Aspergillus Flavus, Mater. Lett. 61, 1413 (2007).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.042.
14. X. Jia, X. Xu, L. Zhang, Synthesis and Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles Induced by Denaturation and Renaturation of Triple Helical β-Glucan in Water, Biomacromolecules. 14(6), 1787 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/bm400182q.
15. J. Virkutyte, R.S. Varma, Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Biodegradable Polymers and Enzymes in Stabilization and Surface Functionalization, Chem. Sci. 2, 837 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SC00338G.
16. R. L. Siegel, K.D. Miller, and A. Jemal, Cancer statistics, 2015, CA Cancer J. Clin. 65, 5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254.
17. A. M. Hasan and S. M. A. Majeed, Detection of Anti-cancer Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized using Aqueous Mushroom Extract of Pleurotus ostreatus on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line, Iraqi J. Sci. 65(4), 1886 (2024).https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.4.9.
18. R. M. Abdallah, and R. M. Al-Haddad, Fe3O4@Au@SiO2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Investigations of Its Influence on Cell Lines Using a NIR Laser and an Alternating Magnetic Field, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 32, 478 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02136-5.
19. P. B. da Silva, R. T. A. Machado, A. M. Pironi, R. C. Alves, P. R. de Araújo, A. C. Dragalzew, I. Dalberto, and M. Chorilli, Recent Advances in the Use of Metallic Nanoparticles with Antitumoral Action- Review, Curr. Med. Chem. 26(12), 2108 (2019).https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180214102918.
20. M. J. Ahmed, G. Murtaza, F. Rashid, and J. Iqbal, Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agents. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 45(10), 1682 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2019.1656224.
21. T. Q. Huy, P. T. M. Huyen, A.-T. Le, M. Tonezzer, Recent Advances of Silver Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 20(11), 1276 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520619666190710121727.
22. S. Medici, M. Peana, G. Crisponi, V. M. Nurchi, J. I. Lachowicz, M. Remelli, M. A. Zoroddu, Silver Coordination Compounds: A New Horizon in Medicine, Coord. Chem. Rev. 327-359, 349 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2016.05.015.
23. P. Foroozandeh, and A. A. Aziz, Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13, 339 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2728-6.
24. D. Basak, S. Arrighi, Y. Darwiche, and S. Deb, Comparison of Anticancer Drug Toxicities: Paradigm Shift in Adverse Effect Profile, Life. 12(1), 48 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/life12010048.
25. H. I. O. Gomes, C. S. M. Martins, and J. A. V. Prior, Silver Nanoparticles as Carriers of Anticancer Drugs for Efficient Target Treatment of Cancer Cells, Nanomaterials. 11(4), 964 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11040964.
26. M. A. Sofi, S. Sunitha, M. A. Sofi, S. K. Pasha, D. Choi, An Overview of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential of Silver Nanoparticles, J. King Saud Univ.-Sci. 34, 101791 (2022). doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101791.
27. M. A. Farah, M. A. Ali, S. -M. Chen, Y. Li, F. M. Al-Hemaid, F.M. Abou-Tarboush, K. M. Al-Anazi, J. Lee, Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Adenium Obesum Leaf Extract Induced DNA Damage, Apoptosis and Autophagy via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces. 1(141), 158 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.027.
28. H. Alkan, I. H. Ci˘gerci, M. M. Ali, O. Hazman, R. Liman, F. Cola, E. Bonciu, Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Evaluation of BiosynthesizedSilver Nanoparticles Using Moringa Oleifera on MCF-7 and HUVEC Cell Lines, Plants. 11(10), 1293 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101293.
29. N. Vigneshwaran, R. Nachane, R. Balasubramanya, P. Varadarajan. A novel one-pot (green) synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using soluble starch. Carbohydr. Res. 341(12), 2012 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.042.
30. A. Din, M. Chughtai, M. Khan, A. Shahzad, A. Khaliq, M. Nasir, Nutritional and functional perspectives of barley β-glucan, Inter. Food Res. J., 25(5), 1773 (2018).
31. S. Hughes, P. Shewry, G. Gibson, B. McCleary, R. Rastall, In Vitro Fermentation of Oat and Barley Derived Β-Glucans by Human Faecal Microbiota, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 64(3), 482 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00478.x.
32. V. K. Sharma, R. A. Yngard, and Y. Lin, Silver Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activities, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 145(1-2), 83 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.002.
33. G. Goyal, J. H. Wang, J. Aviral, Y. Seo, Y. Jo, J. Son, and J. Choi, Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Β-Glucan, and Their Incorporation into Doxorubicin-Loaded Water-in-Oil Nanoemulsions for Antitumor and Antibacterial Applications, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 179 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.11.029.
34. M. Govarthanan, T. Selvankumar, K. Manoharan, R. Rathika, K. Shanthi, K. Lee, M. Cho, S. Kamala-Kannan, and B. T. Oh, Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Panchakavya, an Indian Traditional Farming Formulating Agent, Inter. J. Nanomedicine, 9(1), 1593 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S58932.
35. M. U. A. Khan, M. A. Al-Thebaiti, M. U. Hashmi, S. Aftab, S. I. Abd Razak, S. Abu Hassan, and R. Amin, Synthesis of Silver-Coated Bioactive Nanocomposite Scaffolds Based on Grafted Beta-Glucan/Hydroxyapatite Via Freeze-Drying Method: Anti-Microbial and Biocompatibility Evaluation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials. 13(4), 971 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040971.
36. P. Pino, G. Pellegrino, S. Ronchetti, C. Mollea, F. Bosco, and B. Onida, Antibacterial β-glucan/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Films for Wound Healing, Bio. Nano. Sci. 13(2), 426 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01079-0.
37. A. R. J. Al-Khafaji, PhD Thesis, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Iraq, 2019.
38. T. I. Shaheen, G. M. Hussien, A. A. Mekawey, H. H. Ghalia, and M. T. El Mokadem, Facile Extraction of Nanosized Β-Glucans from Edible Mushrooms and Their Antitumor Activities, J. Food Compos. Anal. 111, 104607 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104607.
39. Z. Ul Ashraf, A. Shah, A. Gani, A. Gani, F. A. Masoodi, and N. Noor, Nanoreduction as A Technology to Exploit Β-Glucan from Cereal and Fungal Sources for Enhancing its Nutraceutical Potential, Carbohydr. Polym. 258, 117664 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117664.
40. B. Blanco-Fernandez, O. Castano, M. Á. Mateos-Timoneda, E. Engel, and S. Pérez-Amodio, Nanotechnology Approaches in Chronic Wound Healing, Adv. wound care. 10(5), 234 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2019.1094.
41. M. S. Gabriel, M. Suciu, I. Craciunescu, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, T.S. Casian, and B. Radu, Hyperthermia Effects on Normal and Tumor Skin Cells. Ann. Rom Soc. Cell Bio. 21(1), 11 (2016).