Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles and Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Bromelain
Main Article Content
Abstract
The production and use of nanometallic elements, such as gold, have received a lot of attention lately due to their distinctive features and wide range of uses. Most of these studies have employed the Turkevich approach. This research employed the Turkevich technique to produce gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). AuNPs and bromelain-loaded AuNPs were characterised using a variety of methods, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential (ZP) measurements. The UV-Vis spectra of Bromelain, AuNPs, and AuNPs-Bromelain each had a peak at 276, 534, and 550 nm wavelengths, respectively. The FE-SEM and TEM studies revealed the presence of spherical particles with a smooth surface. The diameters of the AuNPs ranged from 49.32 to 77.29 nm; the diameters of the Bromelain-AuNPs ranged from 46.39 to 75.66 nm, as determined by the FE-SEM analysis. The TEM analysis indicated that the particles' sizes ranged from 7.40 to 15 nm for AuNPs and 14.51 nm for AuNPs-Bromelain. The XRD patterns revealed numerous diffraction peaks, indicating the crystal structure of the synthesised nanoparticles. FTIR spectrometry was employed to identify the functional groups in the synthesised nanoparticles. Zeta potential (ZP) measurements revealed that AuNPs had a zeta potential value of +0.1±0.4, and the zeta potential value for AuNPs-Bromelain was +1.2±3.0 mV.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by College of Science, University of Baghdad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Shanmuganathan R., Lewis Oscarb F., Shanmugamc S., Thajuddind N., Alharbie S. A., Alharbie N. S., Brindhadevif K., Pugazhendhif A., (2020), Core/shell nanoparticles: Synthesis, investigation of antimicrobial potential and photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. J. Photochem. Photobio. B. 202: 111729-111735.
Saravanan M., Arokiyaraj S., Lakshmi T., Pugazhendhi A., (2018), Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Phenerochaete chrysosporium (MTCC-787) and their antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Microbial Patho. 117: 68-72.
Pugazhendhi A., Prabakar D., Jacob J. M., Karuppusamy I., Saratale R. G., (2018), Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Gelidium amansii and its antimicrobial property against various pathogenic bacteria. Microbial Patho. 114: 41-45.
Al-Salhie, H. H., & Al-Kalifawi, E. J. (2020). ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIVIRULENCE ACTIVITY OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA CULTURE FILTRATE. Biochemical & Cellular Archives, 20.
Pugazhendhi A., Edison T. N. J., Karuppusamy I., Kathirvel B., (2018), Inorganic nanoparticles: A potential cancer therapy for human welfare. J. Pharma. 539: 104-111.
Baghayeri M., Veisi H., Veisi M. N., (2018), Designing and fabrication of a novel gold nanocomposite structure: Application in electrochemical sensing of bisphenol. J.Environ. Anal. Chem. 98: 874-888.
Ghanei-Motlagh M., Baghayeri M., (2020), Determination of trace Tl (I) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a novel modified carbon paste electrode. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167: 066508-066516.
Cabuzu, D., Cirja, A., Puiu, R., Grumezescu, A. M., 2015. Biomedical 1003 Applications of Gold Nanoparticles. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 15, 1605-13.
Merchant, B. (1998) Gold, the Noble Metal and the Paradoxes of Its Toxicology. Biologicals,26,49-59.http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/biol.1997.0123.
Si S, Bhattacharjee RR, Banerjee A, Mandal TK. J Chem Eur 2006; 12: 1256-65. 11. Yuan JJ, Schmid A, Armes SP, Lewis AL. Langmuir 2006; 22: 11022-27.
Kimling J, Maier M, Okenve B et al (2006) Turkevich method for gold nanoparticle synthesis revisited. J Phys Chem B 110:15700–15707
Larm NE, Essner JB, Pokpas K et al (2018) Room-temperature Turkevich method: formation of gold nanoparticles at the speed of mixing using cyclic oxocarbon reducing agents. J Phys Chem C 122:5105–5118
Ahmad T (2014) Reviewing the tannic acid mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles. J Nanotechnol 2014:1–11
Hassan S, Adam F, Abu Bakar MR, Abdul Mudalip SK (2019) Evaluation of solvents ’ effect on solubility, intermolecular interaction energies and habit of ascorbic acid crystals. J Saudi Chem Soc 23:239 –248.
M. Brust, M. Walker, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin and R. Whyman, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 801–802.
Hussein,S.I.; Shubber,S.S. and Yaseen,N.Y.(2019). Bio-distribution of Gold Nanoparticles in Tumor Mass and Different Organs in Implanted Mice with Mammary Adenocarcinoma AM3 (in vivo study). he Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43 (2): 17-22.
Al-Azzawie,H.F., Yaaqoob,L.A.(2016). Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Effects of gold nanoparticals in alloxan-Induced Diabetes Rats. International Journal of Research in Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 6(1): 12-20.
AL-MUSAWI, M. M., AL-BAIRUTY, G. A., & ALSHMGANI, H. S.(2022) The Comparative Effect of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Copper Sulfate on Reproductive Hormones and Sperm Parameters in Mature Male Albino Mice.
Heinicke RM, Gortner WA. Stem bromelain: a new protease preparation from pineapple plants. Economic Botany. 1957;11(3):225–234.
Livio M, Gaetano GDe, Donati MB. Effect of bromelain of fibrinogen level, protrombin complex and platelet aggregation in the rat-a preliminary report. Drugs under Experimental and Clinical Research. 1978;1:49–53.
Shiew PS, Fang YL, Majid FAA. In vitro study ofbromelain activity inartificial stomach juiceand blood. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biotechnology for the Wellness Industry; 2010; PWTC.
Mojcik CF, Shevach EM. Adhesion molecules: a rheumatologic perspective. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997;40(6):991–1004.
Wu SY, Hu W, Zhang B, Liu S, Wang JM, Wang AM. Bromelain ameliorates the wound microenvironment and improves the healing of firearm wounds. J Surg Res. 2012 Aug;176(2):503-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.1027.
Dong, J., Carpinone, P. L., Pyrgiotakis, G., Demokritou, P., & Moudgil, B. M. (2020). Synthesis of Precision Gold Nanoparticles Using Turkevich Method. Kona : powder science and technology in Japan, 37, 224–232. https://doi.org/10.14356/kona.2020011.
Al-Shmgani, H. S. A., Mohammed, W. H., Sulaiman, G. M., & Saadoon, A. H. (2017). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus leaf extract and assessing their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 45(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2016.1220950.
P. Mulvaney, M. Giersig and A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem.,1992, 96, 10419–10424.
Sharma, G., Sharma, A. R., Bhavesh, R., Park, J., Ganbold, B., Nam, J. S., & Lee, S. S. (2014). Biomolecule-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) extract. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 19(3), 2761–2770. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19032761.
Rakesh k. Tekade, 2019. Biomaterials And Bionanotechnology, Elsevier, London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom. Chapter 15. P555.
Mohammed,A.M; Sultan,M.T .Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of new Nano Schiff bases Composites. IHJPAS 2022, 33,3, 60-67.
Abdulghani ,A.J. ;Mohuee,S.K.(2015). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using ceftriaxone sodium as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Iraqi Journal of Science, 2015, Vol 56, No.3C, pp: 2425-2438.
Hawar,S.N.; Al-Shmgani,H.S.; Al-Kubaisi,Z.A.;Sulaiman,G.M.; Dewir ,Y.H.; and Rikisahedew,J.J. (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Alhagi graecorum Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antifungal Activity. Journal of Nanomaterials. Volume 2022, Article ID 1058119, 8 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1058119
Al Dujaily, A. H., & Mahmood, A. K. (2021). The effectiveness of biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of caprine mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(Supplement I-III), 73-78.
Sharma M, Chaudhary D. Exploration of bromelain laden nanostructured lipid carriers: An oral platform for bromelain delivery in rheumatoid arthritis management. Int J Pharm. 2021 Feb 1;594:120176.
Marie, B. (2017). Synthesis, physicochemical characterisation and biological evaluation of polymer-functionalised gold nanoparticles for cancer treatment. Imperial College London, PhD theses.
Hameed, H. Q., Hasan, A. A., & Abdullah, R. M. (2019). Effect of Olea europea L Extraction and TiO 2 Nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(6).
Hakeem ,H.S. ,Abbas,N.K.(2021). Preparing and Studying Structural and Optical Properties of Pb1-xCdxS Nanoparticles of Solar Cells Applications. Baghdad Science Journal 18(3):640-648.
Abdul Latif,M.H., Mahmood,Y.F.(2018). Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Preparation of Nano-Crystalline Cellulose from Tropical Water Hyacinth. Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 31 (1):180-188.
Debnath, R., Purkayastha, D. D., Hazra, S., Ghosh, N. N., Bhattacharjee, C. R., Rout, J. (2016). Biogenic synthesis of antioxidant, shape selective gold nanomaterials mediated by high altitude lichens. Materials Letters Mater Lett. 169:58–61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.01.072.