Radioactivity and annual effective dose in some types of drug

Abstract


Introduction
The exposure of human existence to radiation from things that is inevitable because all that is around us contain radioactive nuclide in different rates. The radioactive sources are divided to natural and artificial sources [1]. It is about 80% from human exposure comes from natural sources [2,3]. Those sources are atmosphere as a result of cosmic rays comes from outer space [1]. Earth is also considered as a source of radionuclide, all the geological formations such as soil, rocks and the core of the earth [4,5].
Since the petroleum derivatives extract from the core of the earth, therefore, they contain on radioactive nuclides [6]. Human body contains on radioactive nuclides, where there is about 0.0157 g from radioactive isotope in human body and its activity about 0.11μCi [7]. The artificial radioactive sources come from human activities, weapons and nuclear accidents like Chernobyl power station accident in 1986 [8,9].
In the present paper the existence of specific activity and annual effective dose in some types of drug samples was studied to make sure that these drugs don't pose danger to the human health. The samples are antiinflammatory and relievers drugs because they are of the most drugs commonly used. It has been selected Amoxicillin and Paracetamol from four origins which Iraqi, English, Indian and United Arab Emirates, because they are the most actively traded in the Iraqi market if they compare with others origins.

Materials and method
Four samples of Amoxicillin and four samples of Paracetamol were made in different contrary. The tablets have been grinded and put in high purity germanium detector that is available in Radiation protection center for one hour in order to measure the radioactive isotopes concentration. Since the less mass which can detector tests it is 9 g, therefore, the mass must be placed in detector is 9 g or more.

Results and discussion
In order to know the risk of radioactive isotopes in drug samples, the annual effective dose must be measured and compared with the allowed dose for each part of human body.
The allowed dose for, mouth, throat, gullet and brain is 0.05 Sv and for stomach is 0.12 Sv [10]. The annual effective dose was calculated from equation where is radiation weighting factor which represents the number by which the absorbed dose in a tissue or organ is multiplied to reflect biological effectiveness of the radiation in inducing stochastic effects at low doses. Its value is one for photons [11].
(Bq/kg) is specific activity, (Sv/Bq) is a conversion factor from activity to dose are given in Table 1 for different isotopes [10] and (kg/y) is the intake per year. The mass M was calculated from multiplying tablet mass by number of tablets per day which is considered four for Amoxicillin and three for Paracetamol and the result multiplied by number of days per year.  Table 2 gives the specific activity and the annual effective dose values for 40 K. The average value of specific activity was 7.047 Bq/kg, the maximum value was 19.08 Bq/kg for Iraqi Paracetamol, while the minimum value was 1.4 Bq/kg for UAE amoxicillin. For annual effective dose one can see that the average value was 29.898x10 -9 Sv the maximum value was 77.7x10 -9 Sv for Iraqi paracetamol and the minimum value was 6.33x10 -9 Sv for UAE amxicillin.  Table 3 shows the specific activity and the annual effective dose values for 214 Pb. It is noticed that the average value of the specific activity was 0.535 Bq/kg, the maximum value was 0.83 Bq/kg for UAE paracetamol and the minimum value was 0.23 Bq/kg for Iraqi amoxicillin. The average value of the annual effective dose was 0.53x10 -10 Sv, the maxium value was (0.88x10 -10 Sv) for English amoxicillin and the minimum value was 0.313x10 -10 Sv for Iraqi paracetamol.   Table 4 presents the specific activity and the annual effective dose for 228 Ac. The average value of the specific activity was 0.77 Bq/kg, the maximum value was 0.83 Bq/kg for English amoxicillin and the minimum value was 0.56 Bq/kg for Indian amoxicillin. The average value of the annual effective dose was 2.25x10 -10 Sv, the maximum value was 3.13x10 -10 Sv for English amoxicillin and the minimum value was 1.66x10 -10 Sv for Iraqi Paracetamol.  Table 5 shows the values of specific activity and annual effective dose for 137 Cs, the average value of the specific activity was 0.65Bq/kg, the maximum value was 0.93 Bq/kg for Iraqi Paracetamol and Iraqi Amoxicillin and the minimum value was 0.212 Bq/ kg for English Paracetamol. And for annual effective dose one can see that the average value was 0. 62x10 -8 Sv, the maximum value was 0.81x10 -8 Sv for English Paracetamol and the minimum value was 0.48x10 -8 Sv for English amoxicillin and Indian amoxicillin.  Table 6 shows the sum all the annual effective dose values for all isotopes in each sample. It is found that the sum of the annual effective dose values is so small compared with the allowable values. Therefore, they are not a threat for people health.

Conclusions
The annual effective dose from radioactive nuclides in Amoxicillin and Paracetamol samples are very small if compared with the allowable values, hence, the persons can use these drugs without fear.